Language Description notes part 1

Here are some notes on language description. It may not be complete, however some is better than none... credit goes to the ORIGINAL AUTHORS.

Noun (kata nama)

· Abstract – it describe an emotion/feeling, eg; love, sad, happy

· Concrete – something that you can feel, smell and touch, eg; chair, wardrobe, table

· Proper – a name of something, eg; Samsung, SK Timur Jaya, Ministry of Education

· Common – often a thing, eg; rug, hair, shirt, shoes

· Collective noun – describe a group of thing, eg; army, a bunch of, a group of, a school of

· Countable/uncountable – something can be count and vice versa, eg; sugar, milk, beads, matchsticks, sand

· Gerund noun – often ends with an –ing, eg; walking, sticking, climbing

· Predicate noun – it has a verb to be, renames the subject of a sentence, eg; is a (prime minister) prime minister is the predicate noun

Pronoun (kata ganti diri)

· Personal – refers to a person speaking or a person we are describing, eg; he, she, it

· Indefinite – refers to a person or a group of person without mentioning who or what they are, eg; anybody, someone, somebody, nobody, anyone, anything, a few, several, many

· Possessive – shows a thing being referred to, eg; mine, yours, theirs, ours, his, hers, its

· Reflective – shows that something is associate to a person, eg; himself, themselves, herself, yourself, myself

· Interrogative – Wh-question except why & when [often at the start of sentence]

· Relative – links two clause but it is not a question sentence [often in the middle of sentence], eg; this is a house that built by my great grand father

· Nominative – always subject to a sentence, eg; I walk to the store, she ran to the shop [I, she, it, they, we]

Determiners (precede and modify a noun)

· Article – a, an, the

· Definite – the

· Interrogative – what, which, where, who

· Possessive - my, your, his, her, its, ours, their

· Distributives – all, half, either, neither, each, every

· Cardinal – shows quantity. Eg; 8 piece of pie, 14 friends

· Ordinal – eg; first, second, third

· Demonstrative – there, that, those, these

· Quantifiers – many, a lot, some, a few

· Multipliers – double, twice, triplets, quadruplets

· Fraction – ¼, ½

· Pre-determiners – occur before other determiner. Eg; the diamond john gave mary was indeed a fake

Adjectives (modifies a noun or pronoun)

· One word adjective – a simple adjective that comes before a noun/pronoun, eg; slim, large, big, often describe a noun

· Compound adjective – often hyphenated before a noun, eg; well-developed countries

· Participial adjective - word which is identical in form to the present or past of a verb and it function as an adjective, eg; stolen watch, broken wing, missing child, unsweetened corn

· Noun as an adjective – often use when the first word before the noun is an adjective but refer to only one thing, eg; history teacher, bathroom, book case, pencil case

· Adjective can express degrees of modification

· Sometimes, during attributive form it appears first before the noun but on the predicative form it forms after the noun. Eg; att [happy men] pre [anyone can become angry]

Verbs (carry out the idea of sentence/words of action)

· Base/infinitive – the most basic type of verb

· Main verbs & auxiliary verb – type of a verb to be, often use in conjunction with verb to express shapes of time or mood, eg; should, will, shall, is

· Primary Auxiliary – be, do and have with their various form, a form of “verb to be”

· Linking verbs – connects a subject and its compliment

· Action verbs – shows performance of an action

· Stative – show a state of an action (indirect) Eg; looks, appears, seems

· Dynamic - show qualities capable of change (direct)

· Transitive – needs and object eg; she gave money

· Intransitive – comes after the object

· Finite – a main verb in a sentence that show a past/present tense (stand on itself)

· Infinite – must be present with a verb to be

Adverbs (Adverbs can tell you where, when, how, why and to what extent something happens)

· Degree – strength or intensity of something that happens. Eg; adequately, almost, entirely, extremely, greatly, highly, hugely, immensely, moderately, partially, perfectly, practically, profoundly, strongly, totally, tremendously.

· Duration – show us how long it had happened. Eg; briefly, forever, long, shortly, permanently, temporarily.

· Frequency – show us how often it happens. Eg; always, constantly, continually, frequently, infrequently, intermittently, normally, occasionally, often, periodically, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes

· Manner – how an action should be done/performed. Eg; adjectives ending with –ly

· Place – indicate where it happens. Eg; abroad, anywhere, here, outside, somewhere, there, underground, upstairs

· Probability – tells us the like hood of something happening. Eg; certainly, definitely, doubtless, maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably

· Time – tells us when it happens. Eg; afterwards, later, now, soon, yesterday

· Comparative – compare two things to make it different from one another. Eg; jill did her homework faster

· Superlative – use to show a greater degree. Eg; jill did the best in her test

Preposition

· Class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns. Often comes before a noun

· Simple – is a single word preposition. Eg; above, below, through

· Compound – a compound word preposition. Eg; in between, in front of

· Preposition of movement – eg; to, through, across, along, down

· Preposition of place – eg; at, on, in

· Preposition of time – eg; by, at, on, since, during

Conjunctions

· Connects two words together. Eg; although, and, because, but, if, or, so, unless, when, while

· Coordinating – links part of sentences. . Eg; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) connect words phrases and clauses

· Subordinating – used to show relationship of a sentence, joints a subordinate clause to a main clause. Eg; although, however, furthermore, moreover

· Correlatives – used to show relationships between ideas expressed in different parts of sentences. Eg; both ... and, either…or, neither...nor